Intermediate report on the second Afterlife survey
Goal study
Some general information about the respondents of the AAfterlife survey is presented. Second, the match between education and industries is investigated in terms of competences. Third, topics of interest (related to predefined work packages) are discussed. Themes include education pathways, drop-out pathways, mobility, employment, life satisfaction, work-life balance, job satisfaction, perceived success, and financial security.
Where indicated, differences between occupation fields (i.e. flow 1, flow 2, flow 3, flow 4), gender, and country are investigated and discussed.
Participants
Participation number
2637 participated in the survey, currently residing in 65 countries.
Gender
56% of the participants are female, 43 % are male.
Age
Participants have an average age of 36,81 years (SD = 10,98). The distribution is graphically displayed below:
Country
65 different countries were represented in the survey. Countries of AAfterlife partners are included in the graph below.
Marital status
>75% is in a relationship (in a relationship or married).
Children
35.5% of the respondents have children. Note that a considerate number of participants is of young age (and might not have children yet).
Professional status
>80% have a paid profession.
Field of occupation
72% of those with a paid profession are currently working as an architect (62% in architecture only, 10% in combination with another field).
To know whether we are facing a sampling bias (e.g. more people reported working as an architect because we reached them through boards of architects), we compared the total of responses with responses only from people that were recruited through alumni offices (which will probably reach a more balanced variety of occupation profiles). No differences were found (for details: see below), so we can conclude that there is no sampling bias in relation to occupation fields. Hence, all responses will be included in further analysis.
The field of occupation is not different for man versus women.
However, the distribution is different for countries.
Match between education and industry
General results
Scale level
To see whether there is a (mis)match between education and industry, we compared the acquired competences during architectural education with the demands of the industry. Respondents indicated on a Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = extremely well) how well they acquired a set of competences, and indicated how often they used this given set in their current job (1 = Never, 5 = Always).
|
How well did you acquire the following competences through your architectural education?
|
|
1 = Not at all
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2 = Slightly
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3 = Moderately
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4 = Very well
|
5 = Extremely well
|
|
How often do you use the following competences in your current job?
|
|
1 Never
|
2 = Rarely
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3 = Sometimes
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4 = Often
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5 = Always
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We clustered the competences in the following groups: Skills and knowledge, Processing information, Personal competence, Presentation and communication, Diversity Competence, Cooperation competence, and Employability (for details, see below).
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Skills and knowledge
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
|
Processing information
|
Developing vision
Being passionate about architecture
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
Dealing with complexity
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
Producing something relevant
|
|
Personal competence
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
Work ethic (e.g. self-discipline, willingness to work hard,...)
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
Handling criticism
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
Constant learning and self-improvement
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
|
Presentation and communication
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
|
Diversity Competence
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
|
Cooperation competence
|
Working with clients
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
|
Employability
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
In the table below, the mean scores are displayed.
|
|
How well did you acquire the following competences through your architectural education? (M)
|
How often do you use the following competences in your current job? (M)
|
|
Skills and knowledge
|
3.40
|
3.70
|
|
Processing information
|
3.36
|
3.78
|
|
Personal competence
|
3.69
|
4.09
|
|
Presentation and communication
|
3.39
|
3.87
|
|
Diversity Competence
|
2.93
|
3.84
|
|
Cooperation competence
|
2.35
|
4.03
|
|
Employability
|
1.93
|
3.80
|
Generally, respondents reported that personal competences were the competences that they acquired the best during education. They also needed them the most in their current jobs. Also, skills and knowledge, and processing information were well acquired and often used. However, when we look at diversity competence, cooperation competence and employability, we see a possible mismatch. People reported that they use very often cooperation competences, but did not acquire them very well through education. Employability (project management skills and business management skills) was acquired the worst, while this was still quite often needed in the workplace.
Item level
How well did you acquire…
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,73
|
0,915
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
4,01
|
0,788
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
2,9
|
1,103
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,53
|
0,95
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
3,76
|
0,799
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,49
|
0,968
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
3,37
|
0,84
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,45
|
0,959
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,71
|
1,061
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,22
|
1,057
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,2
|
1,031
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,59
|
1,05
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
3,43
|
0,983
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,17
|
1,058
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
3,21
|
1,052
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,27
|
0,977
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
3,77
|
1,018
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
3,78
|
1,076
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,16
|
0,933
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,65
|
1,021
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
3,56
|
1,015
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
3,63
|
0,984
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
3,23
|
1,129
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,39
|
0,998
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
2,69
|
1,166
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,17
|
1,097
|
|
Working with clients
|
1,72
|
0,89
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
3,32
|
1,065
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
2,03
|
1,021
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
2,32
|
1,138
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
1,54
|
0,781
|
How often do you use…
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
1,95
|
1,029
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
1,96
|
1,191
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
2,09
|
1,199
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,15
|
1,177
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
2,78
|
1,315
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
2,91
|
1,354
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
2,99
|
1,427
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
3,2
|
1,4
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,4
|
1,174
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
3,54
|
1,169
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,59
|
1,217
|
|
Working with clients
|
3,6
|
1,186
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,66
|
1,068
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,7
|
1,141
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,76
|
1,139
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,8
|
1,03
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
3,82
|
1,041
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,84
|
1,094
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,84
|
0,981
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
3,85
|
1,145
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,88
|
0,961
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,96
|
0,962
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
3,96
|
0,999
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
3,99
|
1,006
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
4,05
|
0,888
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
4,09
|
0,944
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
4,15
|
0,823
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
4,19
|
0,828
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
4,23
|
0,779
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
4,26
|
0,771
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
4,38
|
0,663
|
Mismatches (the lower the number, the bigger the mismatch)
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Mismatch_working_with_clients
|
-2,409
|
1,32127
|
|
Mismatch_business_management_skills
|
-1,8771
|
1,47142
|
|
Mismatch_project_management_skills
|
-1,8571
|
1,39814
|
|
Mismatch_mediating_skills
|
-1,6756
|
1,34842
|
|
Mismatch_digital_skills
|
-1,4038
|
1,33433
|
|
Mismatch_emphaty
|
-1,1503
|
1,42101
|
|
Mismatch_decision_making
|
-1,0499
|
1,28148
|
|
Mismatch_collaboration_skills
|
-0,941
|
1,28433
|
|
Mismatch_knowledge_of_sustainability
|
-0,8407
|
1,38048
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_complexity
|
-0,8116
|
1,13684
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_uncertainty
|
-0,7536
|
1,34135
|
|
Mismatch_openess
|
-0,6686
|
1,3169
|
|
Mismatch_producing_something_relevant
|
-0,5922
|
1,25953
|
|
Mismatch_flexibility
|
-0,5808
|
1,16814
|
|
Mismatch_technical_knowledge
|
-0,5607
|
1,37431
|
|
Mismatch_constant_learning_selfimprovement
|
-0,5334
|
1,15007
|
|
Mismatch_work_ethic
|
-0,4995
|
1,14179
|
|
Mismatch_inquiring_and_questioning
|
-0,4953
|
1,32314
|
|
Mismatch_research_skills
|
-0,4873
|
1,34833
|
|
Mismatch_presentation_skills
|
-0,4862
|
1,392
|
|
Mismatch_being_critical
|
-0,4102
|
1,19522
|
|
Mismatch_determination
|
-0,3677
|
1,08149
|
|
Mismatch_developing_vision
|
-0,2533
|
1,2191
|
|
Mismatch_design_thinking
|
-0,2458
|
1,18583
|
|
Mismatch_handeling_criticism
|
-0,12
|
1,23535
|
|
Mismatch_spatial_skills
|
-0,1091
|
1,13966
|
|
Mismatch_vizualisation_skills
|
0,0019
|
1,4281
|
|
Mismatch_endurance
|
0,058
|
1,17411
|
|
Mismatch_taking_artistic_approach
|
0,1774
|
1,36552
|
|
Mismatch_being_passionate
|
0,1928
|
1,36543
|
|
Mismatch_theory_and_history
|
1,032
|
1,25525
|
|
Mean = Acquisition in education - Frequency used in work environment
|
|
Negative number = skill is not sufficiently acquired through education, given the requirements in the job market. The lower the number, the bigger the mismatch
|
|
Number around zero = balance between requirements in job market and competences learned through education
|
|
Positive number = skill is acquired more than needed through education, given the requirements in the job market
|
Note that ‘taking an artistic approach’, ‘being passionate about architecture’ and ‘theory and history’ are perceived as overstressed in the AE.
Differences between fields of occupation
Scale level
How well architecture graduates acquired these sets of competences, tends to depend from current occupation. However, this is only marginally significant. (p < 0.10 but >0.05). When we look at the between-subject effects (which we are technically not allowed to do when the multivariate test is not significant), we see that this might be due to a difference in ‘employability’. Employability in flow 4 > flow 3> flow 2 > flow 1.
How often architecture graduates need these sets of competences varies according to field of occupation. Significant differences were found for skills and knowledge, processing information, personal competences, and cooperation competences.
|
How often do you use… (M)
|
Skills and knowledge (M)
|
Processing information (M)
|
Personal competence (M)
|
Cooperation competence (M)
|
|
Architecture (Flow 1)
|
3,8634
|
3,8007
|
4,0481
|
4,0621
|
|
Architecture + other field (Flow 2)
|
3,7951
|
3,8316
|
4,1414
|
4,1785
|
|
Related sector (Flow 3)
|
3,5103
|
3,8368
|
4,2194
|
3,9880
|
|
Unrelated sector (Flow 4)
|
2,8077
|
3,4744
|
4,1392
|
3,7179
|
It is not surprising that skills and knowledge that are inherent to architecture are used more often by people who are working in architecture, or are combining architecture with another field. Processing information is used often in architecture, architecture + other field, but also in related sectors. It is less relevant for the unrelated sectors. Personal competences are important in all sectors, but especially in the related sectors. Cooperation competences are most frequently used by people who are combining architecture with another field.
Item level
How well did you acquire…
FLOW 1
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
1,52
|
0,813
|
|
Working with clients
|
1,65
|
0,879
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
1,98
|
1,034
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
2,22
|
1,129
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,45
|
0,974
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
2,66
|
1,17
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
2,92
|
1,109
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,11
|
1,103
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,16
|
1,069
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,19
|
1,059
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
3,19
|
1,132
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,21
|
1,022
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
3,23
|
1,04
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,26
|
0,978
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
3,28
|
1,079
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
3,34
|
0,838
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
3,35
|
0,963
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,37
|
1,011
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,46
|
0,968
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,49
|
0,967
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
3,5
|
0,994
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,57
|
1,032
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,6
|
1,055
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
3,61
|
0,963
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,72
|
0,9
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,75
|
1,066
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
3,75
|
1,018
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
3,75
|
1,096
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
3,79
|
0,795
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
3,99
|
0,785
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,15
|
0,924
|
FLOW 2
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
1,53
|
0,746
|
|
Working with clients
|
1,7
|
0,845
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
2,14
|
1,073
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
2,26
|
0,989
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,53
|
1,114
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
2,7
|
1,148
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
2,86
|
1,167
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,1
|
1,105
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
3,19
|
1,088
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,23
|
1,149
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,27
|
0,993
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
3,29
|
1,023
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
3,3
|
0,818
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,3
|
1,087
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,32
|
1,036
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
3,33
|
1,124
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,37
|
0,929
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,41
|
0,997
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
3,43
|
1,055
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,48
|
1,007
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,59
|
1,103
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
3,68
|
1,019
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
3,69
|
0,993
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,71
|
0,966
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
3,73
|
0,973
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
3,74
|
0,989
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,79
|
0,983
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,8
|
0,979
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
3,81
|
0,829
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
3,92
|
0,847
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,2
|
0,899
|
FLOW 3
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
1,62
|
0,722
|
|
Working with clients
|
1,9
|
0,907
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
2,1
|
0,945
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
2,5
|
1,133
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,55
|
0,886
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
2,75
|
1,134
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
2,86
|
1,063
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,18
|
0,999
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
3,2
|
1,039
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,22
|
1,06
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,27
|
1,112
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,28
|
1,016
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,3
|
0,949
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
3,38
|
1,118
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
3,42
|
0,852
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
3,45
|
1,002
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,48
|
0,956
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,51
|
0,898
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
3,62
|
0,929
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
3,66
|
1,023
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,67
|
0,875
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,68
|
1,043
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
3,69
|
0,983
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
3,73
|
0,755
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,76
|
0,879
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,77
|
0,919
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,77
|
0,965
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
3,91
|
0,951
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
3,93
|
0,998
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
4,14
|
0,773
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,25
|
0,9
|
FLOW 4
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
1,48
|
0,707
|
|
Working with clients
|
1,8
|
0,922
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
2,04
|
1,036
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
2,46
|
1,188
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,52
|
0,942
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
2,8
|
1,242
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
2,89
|
1,047
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,09
|
1,042
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,09
|
1,019
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
3,14
|
1,071
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,16
|
1,204
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
3,25
|
1,177
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,27
|
1,078
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,27
|
1,123
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,28
|
0,983
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,29
|
1,01
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,31
|
0,988
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
3,37
|
1,16
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
3,46
|
1,14
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
3,51
|
0,84
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,53
|
0,907
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
3,56
|
0,879
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,59
|
1,147
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
3,62
|
1,129
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
3,66
|
1,086
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
3,66
|
1,202
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,68
|
0,941
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
3,69
|
1,189
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,72
|
1,151
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
3,96
|
0,763
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,01
|
1,11
|
How often do you use…
FLOW 1
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
2,74
|
1,016
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
3,06
|
1,056
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
3,42
|
0,971
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
3,42
|
1,281
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,61
|
1,019
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
3,63
|
1,074
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,66
|
1,083
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,66
|
1,059
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,71
|
0,994
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,71
|
0,91
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,76
|
1,067
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,81
|
0,972
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
3,82
|
0,951
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,85
|
0,984
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,9
|
1,004
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
3,9
|
0,904
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,97
|
0,866
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
4,05
|
0,912
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,06
|
0,864
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
4,1
|
0,832
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
4,1
|
0,796
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
4,1
|
0,884
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
4,18
|
0,872
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
4,21
|
0,825
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
4,22
|
0,806
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
4,26
|
0,788
|
|
Working with clients
|
4,26
|
0,942
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
4,28
|
0,801
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
4,28
|
0,847
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
4,35
|
0,803
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
4,49
|
0,815
|
FLOW 2
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
3,03
|
1,167
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
3,17
|
1,18
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
3,48
|
0,988
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,56
|
1,143
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,64
|
1,025
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
3,69
|
1,163
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,75
|
1,003
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,79
|
1,026
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,82
|
1,017
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,88
|
0,874
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,9
|
1,028
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,92
|
0,813
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,96
|
1,009
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
3,97
|
0,955
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
3,99
|
0,872
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
4,02
|
0,909
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
4,03
|
0,899
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
4,04
|
0,894
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
4,07
|
0,939
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
4,07
|
0,873
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
4,18
|
0,814
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
4,2
|
0,939
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
4,2
|
0,793
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
4,22
|
1,014
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
4,24
|
0,931
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
4,26
|
0,82
|
|
Working with clients
|
4,28
|
0,87
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
4,29
|
0,768
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
4,29
|
0,852
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
4,31
|
0,809
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,37
|
0,747
|
FLOW 3
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
2,82
|
1,217
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
2,93
|
1,188
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
3,2
|
1,199
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
3,36
|
1,367
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
3,39
|
1,124
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
3,4
|
1,222
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
3,55
|
1,132
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,75
|
1,106
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,79
|
1,055
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,83
|
1,039
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
3,84
|
0,9
|
|
Working with clients
|
3,84
|
1,118
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
3,85
|
0,998
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
3,88
|
0,999
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,89
|
1,087
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,9
|
1,065
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,9
|
0,848
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
3,91
|
1,044
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,94
|
0,982
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,96
|
0,903
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
4,13
|
0,829
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
4,15
|
0,814
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
4,19
|
0,852
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
4,24
|
0,946
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
4,26
|
0,764
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
4,26
|
0,72
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
4,27
|
0,862
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
4,29
|
0,752
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
4,3
|
0,782
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
4,31
|
0,792
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
4,37
|
0,788
|
FLOW 4
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Technical knowledge about buildings and construction (e.g. materials, physics, structures,...)
|
1,95
|
1,029
|
|
Being passionate about architecture
|
1,96
|
1,191
|
|
Theory and History (e.g. of architecture, art, culture, humanities,…)
|
2,09
|
1,199
|
|
Knowledge of sustainability (e.g. ecology, circular economy, energy performance, LCA,…)
|
2,15
|
1,177
|
|
Spatial skills (e.g. understanding space, sensitivity to spatial features,…)
|
2,78
|
1,315
|
|
Taking an artistic approach (e.g. addressing emotions, going beyond the conventional,...)
|
2,91
|
1,354
|
|
Visualization skills (e.g. hand drawing, model making, mixed media, artistic skills ...)
|
2,99
|
1,427
|
|
Business management skills (e.g. managing a business, company, department)
|
3,2
|
1,4
|
|
Developing vision
|
3,4
|
1,174
|
|
Mediating skills (e.g. negotiations, conflict mediation,...)
|
3,54
|
1,169
|
|
Inquiring and questioning (e.g. investigating a brief for a project,...)
|
3,59
|
1,217
|
|
Working with clients
|
3,6
|
1,186
|
|
Research skills (e.g. systematic investigation of a problem in order to gain a better insight)
|
3,66
|
1,068
|
|
Presentation skills (e.g. selling an idea, public speaking,...)
|
3,7
|
1,141
|
|
Producing something relevant
|
3,76
|
1,139
|
|
Openness to other views and ways of living
|
3,8
|
1,03
|
|
Empathy (e.g. being interested in the story of someone else)
|
3,82
|
1,041
|
|
Design-thinking (e.g. thinking out-of-the-box, solution-oriented, creativity,…)
|
3,84
|
1,094
|
|
Handling criticism
|
3,84
|
0,981
|
|
Digital skills (e.g. proficient use of hard- and software, parametric approaches, …)
|
3,85
|
1,145
|
|
Being critical (e.g. taking critical distance from own work)
|
3,88
|
0,961
|
|
Decision making (e.g. taking a stance, making judgments,...)
|
3,96
|
0,962
|
|
Project management skills (e.g. time management, productivity,…)
|
3,96
|
0,999
|
|
Endurance (e.g. working under pressure, handling stress and deadlines,...)
|
3,99
|
1,006
|
|
Dealing with complexity
|
4,05
|
0,888
|
|
Collaboration skills (e.g. team work)
|
4,09
|
0,944
|
|
Dealing with uncertainty / being able to function in conditions of uncertainty
|
4,15
|
0,823
|
|
Determination (e.g. commitment, persistence, dedication, willingness to achieve,...)
|
4,19
|
0,828
|
|
Flexibility (e.g. adaptability, being open for change and renewal,...)
|
4,23
|
0,779
|
|
Constant learning and self-improvement
|
4,26
|
0,771
|
|
Work ethic (e.g. self-discinpline, willingness to work hard,...)
|
4,38
|
0,663
|
Below, the mismatches are presented.
FLOW 1
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Mismatch_working_with_clients
|
-2,6092
|
1,23554
|
|
Mismatch_project_management_skills
|
-1,9631
|
1,38959
|
|
Mismatch_business_management_skills
|
-1,8938
|
1,4538
|
|
Mismatch_mediating_skills
|
-1,6466
|
1,36192
|
|
Mismatch_digital_skills
|
-1,5794
|
1,23526
|
|
Mismatch_emphaty
|
-1,1536
|
1,4189
|
|
Mismatch_decision_making
|
-1,062
|
1,27947
|
|
Mismatch_collaboration_skills
|
-1,0046
|
1,28362
|
|
Mismatch_knowledge_of_sustainability
|
-0,9681
|
1,2835
|
|
Mismatch_technical_knowledge
|
-0,9379
|
1,11851
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_complexity
|
-0,8811
|
1,14634
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_uncertainty
|
-0,7204
|
1,35937
|
|
Mismatch_openess
|
-0,6912
|
1,32139
|
|
Mismatch_producing_something_relevant
|
-0,6409
|
1,2598
|
|
Mismatch_flexibility
|
-0,5929
|
1,20072
|
|
Mismatch_work_ethic
|
-0,5139
|
1,18457
|
|
Mismatch_constant_learning_selfimprovement
|
-0,49
|
1,11263
|
|
Mismatch_presentation_skills
|
-0,4847
|
1,38837
|
|
Mismatch_inquiring_and_questioning
|
-0,4689
|
1,30589
|
|
Mismatch_being_critical
|
-0,4094
|
1,18865
|
|
Mismatch_research_skills
|
-0,3909
|
1,31014
|
|
Mismatch_spatial_skills
|
-0,3632
|
0,97158
|
|
Mismatch_determination
|
-0,358
|
1,07014
|
|
Mismatch_design_thinking
|
-0,3298
|
1,13224
|
|
Mismatch_developing_vision
|
-0,2598
|
1,19967
|
|
Mismatch_vizualisation_skills
|
-0,1939
|
1,38558
|
|
Mismatch_handeling_criticism
|
-0,1003
|
1,27785
|
|
Mismatch_being_passionate
|
-0,0106
|
1,28977
|
|
Mismatch_endurance
|
0,0938
|
1,16529
|
|
Mismatch_taking_artistic_approach
|
0,1672
|
1,29958
|
|
Mismatch_theory_and_history
|
1,0561
|
1,15224
|
FLOW 2
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Mismatch_working_with_clients
|
-2,5905
|
1,25342
|
|
Mismatch_business_management_skills
|
-2,1619
|
1,44198
|
|
Mismatch_project_management_skills
|
-1,9423
|
1,23718
|
|
Mismatch_mediating_skills
|
-1,8381
|
1,32378
|
|
Mismatch_digital_skills
|
-1,5377
|
1,32503
|
|
Mismatch_decision_making
|
-1,1714
|
1,37601
|
|
Mismatch_emphaty
|
-1,1238
|
1,4656
|
|
Mismatch_collaboration_skills
|
-0,9905
|
1,1477
|
|
Mismatch_knowledge_of_sustainability
|
-0,9528
|
1,29012
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_complexity
|
-0,8857
|
1,18739
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_uncertainty
|
-0,8491
|
1,32228
|
|
Mismatch_technical_knowledge
|
-0,7264
|
1,2462
|
|
Mismatch_openess
|
-0,6019
|
1,30113
|
|
Mismatch_presentation_skills
|
-0,5905
|
1,38464
|
|
Mismatch_producing_something_relevant
|
-0,5769
|
1,35598
|
|
Mismatch_research_skills
|
-0,5714
|
1,49908
|
|
Mismatch_work_ethic
|
-0,5566
|
1,06976
|
|
Mismatch_inquiring_and_questioning
|
-0,5096
|
1,46145
|
|
Mismatch_flexibility
|
-0,5
|
1,14018
|
|
Mismatch_constant_learning_selfimprovement
|
-0,4615
|
1,27655
|
|
Mismatch_being_critical
|
-0,4327
|
1,34211
|
|
Mismatch_determination
|
-0,3942
|
1,161
|
|
Mismatch_developing_vision
|
-0,3429
|
1,26208
|
|
Mismatch_spatial_skills
|
-0,2925
|
0,98529
|
|
Mismatch_design_thinking
|
-0,2736
|
1,19947
|
|
Mismatch_handeling_criticism
|
-0,217
|
1,06014
|
|
Mismatch_endurance
|
-0,1698
|
1,07324
|
|
Mismatch_vizualisation_skills
|
-0,1604
|
1,28831
|
|
Mismatch_taking_artistic_approach
|
0,1619
|
1,51989
|
|
Mismatch_being_passionate
|
0,2404
|
1,38294
|
|
Mismatch_theory_and_history
|
0,783
|
1,52443
|
FLOW 3
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Mismatch_working_with_clients
|
-1,9393
|
1,42118
|
|
Mismatch_project_management_skills
|
-1,7581
|
1,39328
|
|
Mismatch_mediating_skills
|
-1,7535
|
1,32893
|
|
Mismatch_business_management_skills
|
-1,7395
|
1,54891
|
|
Mismatch_emphaty
|
-1,0837
|
1,36117
|
|
Mismatch_digital_skills
|
-1,0741
|
1,40897
|
|
Mismatch_decision_making
|
-1,0234
|
1,2426
|
|
Mismatch_knowledge_of_sustainability
|
-0,8605
|
1,45302
|
|
Mismatch_collaboration_skills
|
-0,8131
|
1,28648
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_uncertainty
|
-0,7559
|
1,3376
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_complexity
|
-0,7277
|
1,03296
|
|
Mismatch_research_skills
|
-0,7056
|
1,41164
|
|
Mismatch_openess
|
-0,6822
|
1,38807
|
|
Mismatch_inquiring_and_questioning
|
-0,6573
|
1,28486
|
|
Mismatch_constant_learning_selfimprovement
|
-0,6121
|
1,16846
|
|
Mismatch_flexibility
|
-0,586
|
1,13598
|
|
Mismatch_producing_something_relevant
|
-0,5118
|
1,22808
|
|
Mismatch_presentation_skills
|
-0,4626
|
1,40956
|
|
Mismatch_being_critical
|
-0,4465
|
1,198
|
|
Mismatch_work_ethic
|
-0,3598
|
1,04656
|
|
Mismatch_determination
|
-0,3488
|
1,05644
|
|
Mismatch_developing_vision
|
-0,2488
|
1,25483
|
|
Mismatch_handeling_criticism
|
-0,1395
|
1,14348
|
|
Mismatch_technical_knowledge
|
-0,1302
|
1,38137
|
|
Mismatch_design_thinking
|
-0,0138
|
1,25639
|
|
Mismatch_endurance
|
0,0607
|
1,13462
|
|
Mismatch_spatial_skills
|
0,2581
|
1,15379
|
|
Mismatch_taking_artistic_approach
|
0,2837
|
1,41371
|
|
Mismatch_being_passionate
|
0,3972
|
1,30229
|
|
Mismatch_vizualisation_skills
|
0,4608
|
1,41408
|
|
Mismatch_theory_and_history
|
0,912
|
1,37643
|
FLOW 4
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Mismatch_working_with_clients
|
-1,8
|
1,3255
|
|
Mismatch_business_management_skills
|
-1,7375
|
1,40292
|
|
Mismatch_mediating_skills
|
-1,4875
|
1,31201
|
|
Mismatch_emphaty
|
-1,3375
|
1,54218
|
|
Mismatch_project_management_skills
|
-1,15
|
1,4764
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_uncertainty
|
-0,8889
|
1,23491
|
|
Mismatch_decision_making
|
-0,8659
|
1,27427
|
|
Mismatch_constant_learning_selfimprovement
|
-0,7654
|
1,20698
|
|
Mismatch_collaboration_skills
|
-0,7
|
1,41779
|
|
Mismatch_digital_skills
|
-0,6829
|
1,52249
|
|
Mismatch_work_ethic
|
-0,679
|
1,10484
|
|
Mismatch_research_skills
|
-0,5854
|
1,21667
|
|
Mismatch_flexibility
|
-0,575
|
1,02839
|
|
Mismatch_openess
|
-0,5316
|
1,09586
|
|
Mismatch_determination
|
-0,4625
|
1,14675
|
|
Mismatch_producing_something_relevant
|
-0,4268
|
1,20729
|
|
Mismatch_presentation_skills
|
-0,425
|
1,40321
|
|
Mismatch_dealing_with_complexity
|
-0,378
|
1,16153
|
|
Mismatch_being_critical
|
-0,2927
|
1,04808
|
|
Mismatch_inquiring_and_questioning
|
-0,2683
|
1,35217
|
|
Mismatch_design_thinking
|
-0,1463
|
1,32518
|
|
Mismatch_handeling_criticism
|
-0,0988
|
1,34727
|
|
Mismatch_developing_vision
|
-0,0976
|
1,23338
|
|
Mismatch_taking_artistic_approach
|
0
|
1,5396
|
|
Mismatch_endurance
|
0,0617
|
1,4348
|
|
Mismatch_knowledge_of_sustainability
|
0,378
|
1,47941
|
|
Mismatch_vizualisation_skills
|
0,5732
|
1,56371
|
|
Mismatch_spatial_skills
|
1,1951
|
1,38278
|
|
Mismatch_being_passionate
|
1,2317
|
1,54998
|
|
Mismatch_theory_and_history
|
1,4756
|
1,22953
|
|
Mismatch_technical_knowledge
|
1,561
|
1,13418
|
Differences between gender
How often architecture graduates need these sets of competences varies according to gender. Interestingly, women reported some competences to be more frequently needed. Whether this is an actual difference, or this is a perceived difference is not clear from the data, but can be an interesting topic to explore in further research. Significant differences were found for personal competences, diversity competences, and cooperation competences.
Differences between financial security
How often architecture graduates need these sets of competences varies according to their income. The higher the income, the more they reported that given competences were needed. In the analyses, people who did not want to reveal their income, were selected out. The effect of income persisted when gender was added to the model. (However, women tend to earn less, see Financial security, while they still reported to need the frequencies more often, see Differences between gender.). Significant differences were found for all competences, except for skills and knowledge.
Interestingly, this effect was not found when we inspected ‘perceived financial security’ (see topic: Financial security).
Professional activities
Participants were asked about how often they dealt with several activities in their professional lives.. Professional activities were measured on a Likert scale from 1 (= never) to 5 (= always) with the item “How often do you have to deal with the following aspects in your professional life or professional activities?” Descriptives (mean scores and standard deviations) for each activity are given below.
|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
|
Leading others
|
3,43
|
1,135
|
|
Following orders and instructions
|
3,53
|
,977
|
|
|